Neurofeedback
What is Neurofeedback?
Neurofeedback is a method designed to actively influence brain activity. It is based on feedback from the brain’s electrical signals, which are measured and shown to the user in real time. The aim is to recognize specific patterns of brain activity and gradually improve them through targeted training.
How Does Neurofeedback Work?
During a neurofeedback session, sensors placed on the scalp record the brain's electrical signals using an EEG (electroencephalogram). The data is analyzed in real time and visually or acoustically displayed - for example through images, sounds, or animations.
The individual sees a visual representation that changes depending on the brain activity. Desired activity patterns are "rewarded" - such as by smooth animations or pleasant sounds. Over time, the brain can learn to reach and maintain these desired states more consistently, such as improved concentration or relaxation.
What Is Neurofeedback Software?
A key component of any neurofeedback session is specialized software. These programs capture EEG data, analyze brain activity in real time, and generate feedback for the user. Neurofeedback software is often tailored to specific goals - such as focus, calmness, or emotional regulation. Professional-grade systems offer detailed settings, real-time analysis, customizable training protocols, and interfaces for therapists and clients.
Where Is Neurofeedback Used?
Neurofeedback is applied in various fields. Common areas include:
- Attention disorders (e.g., ADHD): improving focus and impulse control
- Anxiety or inner restlessness: promoting a calmer brain state
- Sleep problems: supporting better sleep patterns
- Migraines and chronic pain: influencing pain processing
- Epilepsy: reducing seizure frequency in certain cases
Outside clinical contexts, neurofeedback is also used in sports psychology and creative professions to enhance mental performance and stress resilience.
Professional Use of Neurofeedback
Professionally, neurofeedback is used in psychotherapy practices, neurology centers, rehabilitation facilities, and specialized clinics. It's also found in coaching, sports performance training, and workplace health programs. In competitive sports, it helps optimize focus, while in medical settings it complements behavioral therapy approaches.
How Well Is Neurofeedback Researched?
The scientific evaluation of neurofeedback varies by field of application. Particularly in ADHD, there is a growing body of evidence showing beneficial effects. In other areas, research is ongoing and results are still being established, but initial studies are promising.
History of Neurofeedback
The origins of neurofeedback trace back to the 1960s, when early studies explored operant conditioning of brain activity. It was first used therapeutically in the U.S. in the 1970s, primarily in epilepsy treatment. In Europe, interest grew during the 1990s, and the method is now increasingly integrated into psychological and medical practice.
Use in the U.S. and Europe - A Comparison
Neurofeedback has been widely used in the United States for decades, particularly in treating ADHD, PTSD, and for performance enhancement. Numerous training centers, professional associations, and certification programs exist. In Europe, adoption has been more gradual, though steadily increasing. While the U.S. often views neurofeedback as a stand-alone treatment, it is more commonly integrated into multimodal therapy in Europe.
Conclusion
Neurofeedback is a method that helps the brain respond more effectively to demands - whether by improving focus, emotional balance, or sleep. Since it is non-invasive and drug-free, it is often seen as a gentle complement to other treatments. For successful results, proper implementation by trained professionals is essential.
Sources
- Arns, M. et al. (2014). Evaluation of neurofeedback in ADHD. Biological Psychology.
- Hammond, D. C. (2007). What is neurofeedback? Journal of Neurotherapy.
- Gruzelier, J. H. (2014). EEG-neurofeedback for optimising performance. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.
- Dobrushina, O. R. et al. (2020). Neurofeedback and sleep quality. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience.
- Walker, J. E. & Kozlowski, G. P. (2005). Neurofeedback treatment of epilepsy. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics.
- Biofeedback Certification International Alliance (BCIA): www.bcia.org
- European Biofeedback Foundation (BFE): www.bfe.org
Author: Jörne Kreuder, updated on June 5, 2025
